📋 Clinical Reference

Searchable, filterable reference tables for special tests, normal values, outcome measures and more. Use the search box to filter any table instantly.

120+

Special Tests

55+

Outcome Measures

280+

Muscles Listed

Nerve Roots

100%

Evidence-Based

Special Tests Reference

24 tests shown

Test Name	Region	Structure Tested	Sensitivity	Specificity	Positive Finding	Interpretation
Hawkins-Kennedy	Shoulder	Subacromial impingement	79%	59%	Pain with IR in 90° forward flexion	Subacromial impingement, supraspinatus pathology
Neer Sign	Shoulder	Subacromial impingement	72%	66%	Pain with passive forward flexion (arm internally rotated)	Impingement of supraspinatus under acromion
Empty Can Test	Shoulder	Supraspinatus	69%	66%	Weakness/pain in scapular plane abduction, thumb down	Supraspinatus tear or tendinopathy
Full Can Test	Shoulder	Supraspinatus	66%	64%	Weakness/pain in scapular plane, thumb up	Supraspinatus tear (fewer false positives than empty can)
Lift-off Test	Shoulder	Subscapularis	62%	100%	Unable to lift hand off back (behind lumbar spine)	Subscapularis tear — high specificity
Apprehension Test	Shoulder	Anterior instability	72%	96%	Apprehension at 90° ABD + ER	Anterior glenohumeral instability, Bankart lesion
Speed's Test	Shoulder	Biceps LH tendon	54%	81%	Pain in bicipital groove with resisted forward flexion	Bicipital tendinopathy or SLAP lesion
Lachman Test	Knee	Anterior Cruciate Ligament	85%	94%	Soft end-feel + >5 mm anterior translation at 20–30°	ACL tear — most sensitive clinical test
Anterior Drawer	Knee	Anterior Cruciate Ligament	55%	92%	Anterior tibial translation at 90° flexion	ACL tear (less sensitive than Lachman in acute setting)
Pivot Shift Test	Knee	Anterolateral instability	24%	98%	Clunk/subluxation with IR + valgus + extension	Functionally significant ACL tear + capsule
McMurray's Test	Knee	Meniscus	53%	74%	Click/pain with rotation + flexion/extension arc	Meniscal tear (medial or lateral depending on rotation)
Thessaly Test	Knee	Meniscus	66%	96%	Pain/locking at 20° single-leg squat with rotation	Meniscal tear — high specificity
Valgus Stress Test	Knee	Medial Collateral Ligament	86%	92%	Medial joint opening with valgus stress at 0° and 30°	MCL sprain/tear (grade by mm of opening)
Straight Leg Raise	Spine	Lumbar nerve root (L4–S1)	91%	26%	Radicular pain at 30–70° hip flexion (not hamstring)	Nerve root compromise, disc herniation
Slump Test	Spine	Neural tension (lumbar)	84%	83%	Radicular symptoms relieved by cervical extension	Neural mechanosensitivity, disc pathology
Spurling's Test	Spine	Cervical nerve root	30%	93%	Radicular arm pain with compression + lateral flexion	Cervical radiculopathy — high specificity
Upper Limb Tension Test 1	Spine	Median nerve / C5–C7	72%	33%	Radicular symptoms reproduced/sensitised	Median nerve mechanosensitivity, cervical radiculopathy
FABER Test	Hip	Hip / SIJ / labrum	60%	45%	Groin/hip pain with figure-4 position	Intra-articular hip pathology, SIJ dysfunction
FADIR Test	Hip	Hip impingement (FAI)	78%	10%	Groin pain with combined flexion-adduction-IR	Femoroacetabular impingement (high sensitivity, low specificity)
Trendelenburg Sign	Hip	Gluteus medius	73%	77%	Contralateral pelvis drops on single-leg stance	Gluteus medius weakness/dysfunction
Anterior Drawer (Ankle)	Ankle	ATFL	58%	78%	>10 mm anterior talar translation (side-to-side >3 mm)	ATFL sprain/tear, lateral ankle instability
Talar Tilt Test	Ankle	CFL + ATFL	50%	88%	>9° inversion tilt (or >3° side-to-side)	Combined ATFL + CFL tear
Valgus Stress Test (Elbow)	Elbow	UCL (medial)	65%	50%	Medial pain/laxity at 15–20° flexion with valgus load	UCL sprain/tear — common in throwing athletes
Cozen's Test	Elbow	Lateral epicondyle (ECRB)	84%	68%	Lateral elbow pain with resisted wrist extension	Lateral epicondylalgia (tennis elbow)

Normal ROM Values — Upper & Lower Limb

🦾 Shoulder

Flexion0–180°

Extension0–60°

Abduction0–180°

Int. Rotation0–70°

Ext. Rotation0–90°

💪 Elbow

Flexion0–145°

Extension0° (0–10° hyperext.)

Pronation0–85°

Supination0–90°

✋ Wrist

Flexion0–80°

Extension0–70°

Radial Deviation0–20°

Ulnar Deviation0–30°

🦴 Hip

Flexion0–120°

Extension0–30°

Abduction0–45°

Int. Rotation0–45°

Ext. Rotation0–45°

🦵 Knee

Flexion0–135°

Extension0° (0–10° hyperext.)

Int. Rotation0–10°

Ext. Rotation0–10°

🦶 Ankle

Dorsiflexion0–20°

Plantarflexion0–50°

Inversion0–35°

Eversion0–15°

❤️ Vital Signs (Adults)

HR (resting)60–100 bpm

BP (systolic)90–120 mmHg

BP (diastolic)60–80 mmHg

Resp Rate12–20 breaths/min

SpO₂≥95%

Temperature36.1–37.2°C

🏃 Gait Parameters

Cadence100–120 steps/min

Velocity1.3–1.4 m/s

Step length65–75 cm

Stride length130–150 cm

Stance phase60% of cycle

Swing phase40% of cycle

Outcome Measures

18 measures shown

Numeric Pain Rating Scale

NPRS

0–10 scale for pain intensity. Minimal detectable change: 2 points. Minimal clinically important difference: 2 points.

PainUniversal0–10

Visual Analogue Scale

VAS

100 mm line; patient marks pain location. MCID: 13–15 mm. More sensitive than NPRS for detecting change.

PainUniversal100mm

Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder & Hand

DASH

30-item questionnaire for upper extremity disability. Score 0–100 (100 = most disabled). MCID: 10–15 points.

FunctionUpper Limb0–100

Knee injury & Osteoarthritis Outcome Score

KOOS

42-item questionnaire for knee symptoms, pain, ADL, sports, QoL. Scored 0–100 (100 = no problems). MCID: 8–10.

FunctionKnee0–100

Western Ontario & McMaster Universities

WOMAC

24-item for hip/knee OA — pain, stiffness, function. Higher score = worse. MCID: 9–10 points. Widely used in surgical studies.

FunctionHip/Knee OA

Functional Independence Measure

FIM

18-item scale (13 motor + 5 cognitive). Score 18–126. Used in rehab settings. 7 = fully independent; 1 = total assist.

FunctionNeuro/Rehab18–126

Barthel Index

10 ADL items, scored 0–100. MCID: 1.85 points. Score <60 = dependent, 60–85 = minimally dependent, >85 = independent.

FunctionNeuro/Elderly0–100

Berg Balance Scale

BBS

14 tasks, 0–56 total. <45 = fall risk. MCID: 4 points. Widely used in stroke, Parkinson's, elderly populations.

BalanceFall Risk0–56

Timed Up and Go Test

TUG

Rise, walk 3m, return, sit. Normal: <12s. Fall risk: >14s. MCID: 2.9s. Simple, quick, valid and reliable.

BalanceMobilityElderly

Short Form 36

SF-36

36-item general health QoL. 8 domains scored 0–100. Norm-referenced. Takes ~7–10 min to complete.

QoLGeneral Health0–100

Oswestry Disability Index

ODI

10-item LBP disability questionnaire. 0% = no disability; 100% = bed-bound. MCID: 10 points (12.8 in some studies).

FunctionLow Back Pain0–100%

Neck Disability Index

NDI

10-item cervical disability questionnaire, adapted from ODI. Score 0–50 (or 0–100%). MCID: 7.5 points.

FunctionNeck0–50

Lower Extremity Functional Scale

LEFS

20 items for lower limb function. Score 0–80 (80 = full function). MCID: 9 points. Versatile — any LE condition.

FunctionLower Limb0–80

Patient-Specific Functional Scale

PSFS

Patient selects 3–5 activities impaired by condition. Rates 0–10. MCID: 3 points on average. Highly individualised.

FunctionUniversalPatient-centred

EuroQol 5 Dimensions

EQ-5D

5 dimensions + VAS. Produces health utility score (0–1). Used in health economics, guideline research, RCTs.

QoLHealth Economics

International Knee Documentation Committee

IKDC

18-item knee-specific PRO covering symptoms, function, sports. Score 0–100 (100 = no limitations). MCID: 11.5.

FunctionKneeSports

Star Excursion Balance Test

SEBT

8-direction reach test on single leg. Composite score as % leg length. Detects dynamic balance deficits in athletes.

BalanceSportsDynamic

6-Minute Walk Test

6MWT

Distance walked in 6 minutes. Normal adult: 400–700m. MCID: 54m (cardiac), 25m (COPD). Cardiopulmonary & elderly.

FunctionCardiopulmonaryEndurance