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Musculoskeletal system, body regions, surface anatomy and palpation landmarks.
Joint mechanics, gait analysis, force vectors, levers and movement principles.
Subjective and objective assessment, special tests, outcome measures and documentation.
Therapeutic exercise prescription, progressive loading, rehab protocols and return to function.
Sports injury management, pre-season screening, return-to-sport criteria and athlete care.
Joint mobilisation, manipulation, soft tissue techniques and dry needling fundamentals.
Neuroplasticity, stroke rehab, TBI management, Parkinson's and MS treatment.
Developmental milestones, cerebral palsy, torticollis and paediatric orthopaedics.
ICU physiotherapy, respiratory rehab, post-cardiac surgery and exercise prescription.
Pelvic floor rehab, antenatal/postnatal care, incontinence and prolapse management.
VAS, NPRS, FIM, Barthel Index, DASH, KOOS, WOMAC and 50+ validated scales.
Critical appraisal, research methodology, clinical guidelines and Cochrane reviews.
/* Glenohumeral Joint */ Structure: Ball-and-socket joint Articulation: Humeral head + glenoid fossa Stability: - Static: labrum, capsule, ligaments - Dynamic: rotator cuff (SITS muscles) Supraspinatus → abduction (0–15°) Infraspinatus → external rotation Teres minor → external rotation Subscapularis → internal rotation
/* Normal Gait Cycle */ Stance Phase (60%): Initial Contact → heel strike Loading Response → weight acceptance Mid Stance → single limb support Terminal Stance → heel rise Pre-Swing → toe-off prep Swing Phase (40%): Initial Swing → limb acceleration Mid Swing → foot clearance Terminal Swing → deceleration
/* ACL Testing Protocol */ Lachman Test: Position: knee 20–30° flexion Action: anterior tibial drawer Positive: soft end-feel + >5mm translation Sensitivity: 85% | Specificity: 94% Pivot Shift Test: Sensitivity: 24% | Specificity: 98% Best under anaesthesia: Sens 98% Anterior Drawer: Sensitivity: 55% | Specificity: 92%
/* FITT-VP Principle */ Frequency = 3–5 days/week Intensity = 40–85% VO2max (moderate–vigorous) Time = 150 min/week (moderate intensity) Type = Aerobic + resistance + flexibility Volume = progressive overload Progression= increase by <10% per week /* Strength Training */ Hypertrophy: 3×8–12 reps @ 70–85% 1RM Strength: 3–5×1–6 reps @ 85–100% 1RM Endurance: 2–3×15–20 reps @ <65% 1RM
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